Brewers and Brands from yesteryear - Morrells of Oxford

If you have ever seen the TV programme Inspector Morse then you'll be familiar with his enjoyment of real ale. At the time these were made from the late 1980's, many of the pubs chosen for filming locations would have been Morrells pubs serving their fabulous beers. Morrells were established in 1743 and by the time of their demise in the late 1990's were operating in excess of 130 pubs in and around Oxford, however visit the city today and there is little sign they existed. The story of what became of this established family brewer reveals a boardroom showdown and sackings at the highest level!

Morrells Brewery, also known as the Lion Brewery were founded by Richard Tawney in 1743. In 1797 a partnership was formed with local lawyers, Mark and James Morrell who soon became the outright owners. The brewery was developed over the years  although at one time it was powered by a traditional waterwheel supplemented by steam engines - one of the latter is still preserved at the Abbey Pumping Station in Leicester. In the late 20th century the brewery was more heavily invested with a duel purpose brewery installed with a capacity of 50,000 barrels of ale and 25,000 barrels of lager, the latter primarily to brew Harp lager. A separate warehouse facility was also purchased in 1990 to allow the brewery more space to prosper.

The Morrells became a well to do family in Oxford and lived in Headington Hill Hall, a prestigious property they had built on the edge of Oxford (later to be leased by Oxford City Council to Robert Maxwell who described it as the best council house in the country!). Successive generations of the Morrells family prospered around Oxford including George Herbert Morrell who became High Sheriff of Oxfordshire, Lady Ottoline Morrell, a well known English aristocrat and society hostess and her husband Philip Morrell, a Liberal MP in the early 20th century.

Morrells Brewery entrance

Back to the family time line and original partner Mark Morrell died in 1843 and left his estate to his brother James. At the age of 78 James transferred the entire business to his son, also called James. Sadly James junior died at the age of 53 and as his only heir was daughter Emily, then aged 10, the running of the brewery was put into the hands of Trustees. Emily married a distant cousin, George Herbert Morrell of whom the Trustees did not approve, so as a result the brewery was run by the Trustees from 1864 until Emily's death in 1938.

In 1938, Emily's son, yet another James, supervised the winding up of the Trusts and reformation of the business as a limited company where he became MD and Chairman. Over the next 50 years Morrells changed hugely to survive the rapid changes going on the brewing industry. James eventually passed away in 1965 and by the time of its closure in 1998 the company was being run by 8th generation family member Charles Eld, grandson of James.

So this brings us to the brewery's demise. Certainly it was true of the late 1980's and 1990's that although the brewery had seen investment, their pubs were the opposite and considered under-invested. Many were small local pubs and whereas other brewers had tried to move with the market and invest in new pub retail sites offering family food etc, Morrells had not done likewise. As a result their pubs were seen as run down and not always in the best areas. From my personal opinion living in Oxfordshire at that time, I'd certainly say they where seen as the poor relation against the likes of Morland and Brakespear.

Another factor were the beer brands. They had some good beers in Oxford Bitter, Varsity and Graduate, but had failed to invest in the marketing of them. As a result they were not best placed for the opportunity created by the 1988 Beer Orders Monopolies and Mergers report which freed up the market place for guest beers. Other brewers were faster on their feet and Morrells missed their chance here. 

It can also be argued they backed the wrong horse with Harp Lager. Other standard lagers such as Heineken, Carling and ultimately Fosters became stronger brands and Morrells tied pubs were limited by having to offer Harp as their mainline standard lager. Harp was a brand that spearheaded the UK's lager drinking revolution of the 1960's along with Skol but by the 1990's it was in decline and even a relaunch with a stronger abv failed to ignite sales.

So onto the story of family dispute. Morrells found themselves in a situation where they had a relatively modern brewing facility, but not brewing near to capacity. They did not have strong ale brands, these selling mainly to their pubs with limited freetrade demand. Furthermore they had virtually no take home presence for the beers as they had closed their bottling line. Harp, the contracted lager was also in decline affecting both their freetrade and pub business. The pub estate was run down and although they had some potentially good sites, these had not seen any investment and there were missed opportunities to buy new ones.

So it should not really come as a surprise when in 1998 after a terse Boardroom battle MD Charles Eld was escorted from the building after being sacked from his job.  It followed what appears to have been a major disagreement with other family members about the future direction of the company. Eld had fought to keep the company independent and maintain brewing in Oxford, but the company was in urgent need of investment and that ultimately led to its sale and Eld's sacking.

Charles Eld seen behind the bar in Far from the Madding Crowd

There were 19 bidders for the Morrells business when it came up for sale. I recall Morland Brewery who I worked for at the time was one of them and they got down to a final shortlist of three. None of the bidders proposed maintaining the brewery in Oxford as this was a prime redevelopment opportunity. Morrells was eventually purchased by Michael Cannon for £48m, the brewery was officially closed in May 2000 and its beers were contracted out to Eldridge Pope. Cannon would eventually sell the majority of the Morrells pub estate onto Greene King in 2002.

A postscript for Charles Eld is that in 2002 he opened his own pub in Oxford called Far from the Madding Crowd. Elds passion for real ale shone through and the pub was awarded the Oxford CAMRA Real Ale Pub of year for three years.

So in the space of five years the Morrells brewery and pubs were gone, the end of a dynasty that began in 1743. How sad that it happened but the late 20th century saw huge changes in the beer and pub industry with a number of long standing family brewers being sold, taken-over and closed. I will always remember Morrells  fondly for although I did not much like their beers, many of my early drinking memories are in and around some of their pubs.

Morrells Brewery Ashtray

Brewers & Brands from yesteryear - Plymouth Breweries Ltd

Plymouth Breweries ashtray

As a collector of Breweriana I recently acquired an old ashtray with some strange branding in the shape of a barrel end. It was marked PB and after some research I realised this stood for Plymouth Breweries. This set me on the road to find out a little more about the brewery and what became of it.

Plymouth Breweries were originally established in 1889 and like some other breweries it was an amalgamation of many smaller breweries. In this case it was five breweries all Plymouth based except for the Saltash Brewery which lies across the Tamar. The Saltash Brewery closed, buts its buildings survived in one form or another until 1959 when they were demolished along with 50 houses and 10 shops to make way for the Tamar Road Bridge.

Brewing now centred around the Regent Brewery in Stonehouse, Plymouth - the other breweries were closed over the years. The company logo was either the entwined PB letters or an anchor. More breweries were acquired in later years including Torquay Brewing Co in 1897, plus the Ellacombe Brewery and St Mary Church Brewery again in Torquay in 1925. Plymouth Breweries would have operated hundreds pubs and 235 were listed when the brewery was finally closed. The fate of the brewery was sealed when it was taken over by Courage for the princely sum of £6.5 million in 1970. Courage continued to operate the brewery and valued its family ethos where it traded as Courage PB, but sadly this changed in the early 1980's and the last brew was in March 1984, the brewery then being closed.

Regent Brewery, Plymouth

Plymouth Breweries were known for their IPA No 1 and Devon Pale Ale, although in the later years they also brewed Plymouth Heavy, a rich dark mild that transferred in with the Courage takeover as it had previously been brewed by the Tamar Brewery, which Simonds (Courage) had taken over and ultimately closed in the preceding years. Heavy was a famous beer in the area and performed well in CAMRA beer festivals.

Other beers included the a Light Ale, Strong English Ale, a sweet Imperial Stout and there was even a Devonshire Cider. There was also a special commemorative ale called Mayflower Ale which was brewed in 1970 to mark the take over by Courage and to commemorate the 350th anniversary of the sailing of the Pilgrim Fathers in 1620

The brewery operated to very traditional methods up to the time of its closure. It used open fermenting squares, dry hopped some of its beers and used wooden barrels long after its competitors had switched to metal. Its Shire horse drawn drays were also common place in the city as these were used to deliver to local pubs. An advertising slogan of the time stated, matured and mellowed in the wood - no artificial gas added. They would have used POS to support this claim and this is where the ashtray connection comes in as its clearly in the design of a barrel end using the slogan, matured in wood with the PB logo.

Today, there is little sign that Plymouth Breweries existed on the original site in Stonehouse. The Regent Brewery is long gone although the original frontage buildings are still present in Durnford St, but have been completely refurbished and there is no reference to their past life as part of the brewery.

One thing that does remain is a war memorial plaque to commemorate the fourteen men who worked for the brewery and fell in the Great War. This was originally located on the wall of the Brewery Tap (now a Marstons pub) that was part of the Regent Brewery. In 2002 the tablet was rescued and restored and is now set on the only remaining wall of the Anchor Brewery Building across the road, which was one of the original five breweries that amalgamated to form Plymouth Breweries.

I've enjoyed finding out a little about Plymouth Breweries and what became of them. At a time when the pace of new craft beers is ever changing its also good to look back and appreciate the past.

Plymouth Breweries War Memorial

Sources:
War Memorials Trust
The Lost Breweries and Beers of Britain - Brian Glover
Plymouth CAMRA
Brewery History Society
Geograph